Overnight US stocks | The S&P 500 Index and Nasdaq both closed lower this month as Trump ordered a new round of attacks on Iran.

On Friday, all three major indexes rose. After the U.S. stock market closed, U.S. officials stated that Trump has ordered a new round of attacks on Iran, aimed at forcing Tehran to surrender, with actions expected to start as early as this weekend and lasting several days. U.S. officials indicated that Trump is considering a two-week high-intensity airstrike campaign to weaken Iran's missile capabilities, but military advisors warned that a reduction in ammunition stockpiles could pose risks. Some U.S. officials believe that Iran may continue to delay negotiations, hoping that Trump will eventually abandon long-term military actions due to increasing domestic political opposition. Friday marked the last trading day of July, during which the S&P 500 index fell approximately 0.13%, the Nasdaq dropped 3.2%, and the Dow Jones rose 0.32%. As of market close, the Dow Jones rose by 276.97 points, an increase of 0.53%, closing at 52,485.03 points; the Nasdaq rose by 251.68 points, an increase of 1.00%, closing at 25,373.85 points; the S&P 500 index rose by 52.09 points, an increase of 0.70%, closing at 7,489.72 points. Technology and chip-related stocks showed mixed results, with Amazon.com, Inc. (AMZN.US) up 15.32%, Alphabet Inc. Class C (GOOG.US) up 6.73%, NVIDIA Corporation (NVDA.US) up 2.93%, Meta Platforms (META.US) up 3.28%, and Microsoft Corporation (MSFT.US) up 3.02%. However, Apple Inc. (AAPL.US) fell by 7.35%, and SpaceX (SPCX.US) dropped by 3.41%. The Nasdaq China Golden Dragon Index rose by 1.48%, with Alibaba Group Holding Limited Sponsored ADR (BABA.US) up 5.12% and Baidu Inc Sponsored ADR Class A (BIDU.US) up 3.38%. In European markets, the German DAX30 index rose by 68.42 points, an increase of 0.27%, closing at 25,642.92 points; the UK FTSE 100 index fell by 21.08 points, a decrease of 0.19%, closing at 10,876.19 points; the French CAC40 index rose by 24.00 points, an increase of 0.28%, closing at 8,509.64 points; the Euro Stoxx 50 index rose by 14.95 points, an increase of 0.24%, closing at 6,359.35 points; the Spanish IBEX35 index rose by 15.58 points, an increase of 0.08%, closing at 19,773.28 points; and the Italian FTSE MIB index rose by 52.62 points, an increase of 0.10%, closing at 52,157.00 points. In Asian markets, the Nikkei 225 index rose over 4%, and the South Korea Composite Stock Price Index rose nearly 18%. The U.S. dollar index, measuring the dollar against six major currencies, rose by 0.05%, closing at 99.917. As of the end of the New York foreign exchange market, 1 euro exchanged for 1.1531 dollars, down from 1.1535 dollars the previous trading day; 1 pound exchanged for 1.3482 dollars, up from 1.3476 dollars the previous trading day. 1 dollar exchanged for 158.90 yen, down from 158.93 yen the previous trading day; 1 dollar exchanged for 0.8082 Swiss francs, up from 0.8040 Swiss francs the previous trading day; 1 dollar exchanged for 1.4019 Canadian dollars, up from 1.3996 Canadian dollars the previous trading day; and 1 dollar exchanged for 9.5193 Swedish kronor, up from 9.5189 Swedish kronor the previous trading day. According to reports, on the 31st, the exchange rate of the yen against the dollar strengthened quickly, at one point rising to around 157 yen per dollar. The Japanese government and the Bank of Japan implemented a second day of yen-buying currency intervention following the 30th. In cryptocurrency, Bitcoin hovered around $63,000, while Ethereum showed little fluctuation, priced at $1,863.57. In crude oil, the price of light crude oil futures for September delivery on the New York Mercantile Exchange rose by $1.08, closing at $84.67 per barrel, an increase of 1.29%; Brent crude oil futures for September delivery rose by $1.09, closing at $90.12 per barrel, an increase of 1.22%. In precious metals, spot gold fell by 1.43%, closing at $4,044.27; spot silver fell by 2.44%, closing at $57.578. In macro news, media reports indicate that the U.S. and Israel are planning to expand military operations against Iran, with energy facilities potentially becoming key targets. Reports say that the U.S. and Israel are planning "one of the most intense bombing operations to date" against Irans energy infrastructure, with potential targets including power plants and refineries, and the operation is expected to last through the weekend. Sources indicate that Israel has been notified and is coordinating with the U.S., but Trump has not yet given final approval. The report claims that this plan was proposed during Trumps cabinet meeting at Camp David on Friday, where some White House political affairs aides strongly opposed it, fearing the actions could impact both the U.S. and global economies. Trump stated, "We will strike them very hard." The U.S. has also discussed cutting off Tehran's power supply, but no decision has been made. Previously, Trump mentioned that for every attack on vessels in the Strait of Hormuz, the U.S. would bomb an Iranian bridge or power plant. If this action goes ahead, it would mean that Israel is resuming military operations that had been paused due to U.S. mediation for a ceasefire. Media reports also state that Federal Reserve Chairman Walsh is reportedly considering reducing the frequency of Federal Reserve policy meetings. It has been reported that Fed Chairman Walsh is considering decreasing the number of regularly scheduled interest rate decision meetings, a move that could trigger significant upheaval and mark the most significant change in the Federal Reserves operating procedures in recent years. Currently, the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC), composed of 12 people, meets eight times a year to vote on whether to raise, lower, or maintain borrowing costs. According to four informed sources, Walsh proposed the adjustment to meeting frequency during this weeks Federal Reserve meeting. Sources indicate that Walsh discussed the legal basis regarding the minimum number of meetings the Federal Reserve must hold each year and the potential timeline for such adjustments. Its reported that Walsh requested officials to provide him feedback on their opinions, instead of having a comprehensive discussion about the meeting schedule during this weeks meeting. Sources say that OpenAI investigators have found more evidence of AI agents breaking isolation. It has been reported that, as OpenAI expands its investigation into the hack of tech company Hugging Face, it has discovered more instances of autonomous AI agents breaking out of their isolated environments. Informed sources state that these new breach cases were found during OpenAI's public inquiry into how an AI agent managed to escape what was supposed to be a closed testing environment, and the company is currently investigating these events. One informant noted that the impact of these breaches is limited, and no AI agents are believed to have left OpenAI's internal network. Three informed individuals stated that this previously unreported expanded investigation was initiated shortly after its main competitor Anthropic disclosed that its model had caused a series of intrusion incidentsdating back to Aprilwhich led to data breaches at three other companies. An OpenAI spokesperson cited a previously released statement from the company, indicating that, in addition to the Hugging Face incident, they are also reviewing the "broader activities generated by the model." In individual stock news, Amazon.com, Inc. alleviates market concerns over artificial intelligence as major U.S. indexes close higher. The U.S. stock market closed higher on Friday, buoyed by Amazon.com, Inc. (AMZN.US). The tech giant's strong quarterly earnings report boosted investor confidence in AI-related stocks, while Apple Inc. (AAPL.US) saw a decline due to disappointing earnings. After Amazon.com, Inc. reported its largest quarterly revenue growth in over four years, its stock surged over 15%. This report, along with a similar one released by Microsoft Corporation on Wednesday, alleviated concerns among investors about potential overspending on AI data centers. Earlier this month, concerns over massive investments in AI infrastructure, which might take too long to yield results, shook global markets and raised doubts about the core companies that have driven recent Wall Street gains. Longbow Asset Management CEO Jake Dollarhide stated, "There were concerns that Amazon.com, Inc.'s spending was just 'moonshot' risk-taking and irresponsible spending, while CEO Andy Jassy just alleviated those worries." However, Apple Inc.'s stock dropped 7.4% after the company warned that supply constraints would affect growth, increasing market fears that recent iPhone price hikes would weaken consumer demand. In analyst ratings, UBS Group AG raised its target price for Amazon.com, Inc. (AMZN.US) from $305 to $318.